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A Detailed Chronological List of US Interventions, Invasions, Destabilzations, and Assistance to Oppressive Regimes (ending in 2002)
Basic Statistics for United States Imperialism
by Cecil - 24 November 2002
Chronological list of interventions
with the purpose of effecting “regime change,”
attempted or materially supported by the United States—whether
primarily by means of overt force (OF), covert operation (CO), or
subverted election (SE):
a) OF and SE imply, necessarily,
prior and continuing CO.
b) OF = directly applied state
terrorism by the United States repressive apparatus i.e. the
Departments of War/Defense, Energy,
Treasury, and State. N.B. the
formation of the National Security Council (1947) and the Office of
Homeland Security (2002).
c) CO = reconnaissance, classical
coups d’etat, legal harassment, disinformation (through media,
legal, NGO, student, labor, and other front groups), bribery,
sabotage, assassination, proxy warfare, running ratlines for fascist
émigré groups, and assorted other clandestine
activities.
d) SE = a particular species of CO, comparatively
non-violent, high plausible deniability, usually involves dumping
tons of cash and campaign technologies into the hands of rightist
groups during elections, sowing discord in leftist parties, buying up
media space in order to destabilize electorates, tampering directly
with ballot results, and hiring jackboots to actively threaten and
brutalize voters in the last resort. NB many subverted elections are
preceded by lengthy terror campaigns (e.g. Nicaragua,
El
Salvador, Yugoslavia, etc).
It should go without saying
that the following entries are simplified; only the major “payoff”
year is listed, where applicable.
Most attempted overthrows were
preceded by lengthy preparations—vast right wing conspiracies,
indeed.
NB that this list remains under construction; new data
will be added in the next installment.
[Date –
place (head of targeted state/candidate in subverted election;
political affiliation): outcome (means)]
The * indicates
that I’m not clever enough to have found the absent data yet.
Apologies.
“Neutralist” refers to a given regime’s
desire to avoid taking sides with either power bloc in the cold war.
It should be readily
apparent that such is an unforgivable sin
against the foreign policy establishment in the United States.
“Nationalist” refers to a given regime’s
desire to nationalize foreign-owned means of production within its
national boundaries.
It should be readily apparent that such is
an unforgivable sin against the foreign policy establishment in the
United States.
1893 – Hawaii (Liliuokalani; monarchist):
success (OF)
1912 – China (Piyu; monarchist): success
(OF)
1918 – Panama (Arias; center-right): success
(SE)
1919 – Hungary (Kun; communist): success (CO)
1920
– USSR (Lenin; communist): failure (OF)
1924 –
Honduras (Carias; nationalist): success (SE)
1934 –
United States (Roosevelt; liberal): failure (CO)
1945 –
Japan (Higashikuni; rightist): success (OF)
1946 –
Thailand (Pridi; conservative): success (CO)
1946 –
Argentina (Peron; military/centrist): failure (SE)
1947 –
France (*; communist): success (SE)
1947 – Philippines
(*; center-left): success (SE)
1947 – Romania
(Gheorghiu-Dej; stalinist): failure (CO)
1948 – Italy
(*, communist): success (SE)
1948 – Colombia (Gaitan;
populist/leftist): success (SE)
1948 – Peru (Bustamante;
left/centrist): success (CO)
1949 – Syria (Kuwatli;
neutralist/Pan-Arabist): success (CO)
1949 – China (Mao;
communist): failure (CO)
1950 – Albania (Hoxha;
communist): failure (CO)
1951 – Bolivia (Paz;
center/neutralist): success (CO)
1951 – DPRK (Kim;
stalinist): failure (OF)
1951 – Poland (Cyrankiewicz;
stalinist): failure (CO)
1951 – Thailand (Phibun;
conservative): success (CO)
1952 – Egypt (Farouk;
monarchist): success (CO)
1952 – Cuba (Prio;
reform/populist): success (CO)
1952 – Lebanon (*;
left/populist): success: (SE)
1953 – British Guyana (*;
left/populist): success (CO)
1953 – Iran (Mossadegh;
liberal nationalist): success (CO)
1953 – Costa Rica
(Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1953 –
Philippines (*; center-left): success (SE)
1954 –
Guatemala (Arbenz; liberal nationalist): success (OF)
1955 –
Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1955 –
India (Nehru; neutralist/socialist): failure(CO)
1955 –
Argentina (Peron; military/centrist): success (CO)
1955 –
China (Zhou; communist): failure (CO)
1955 – Vietnam
(Ho; communist): success (SE)
1956 – Hungary (Hegedus;
communist): success (CO)
1957 – Egypt (Nasser;
military/nationalist): failure (CO)
1957 – Haiti
(Sylvain; left/populist): success (CO)
1957 – Syria
(Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist): failure (CO)
1958 –
Japan (*; left-center): success (SE)
1958 – Chile (*;
leftists): success (SE)
1958 – Iraq (Feisal;
monarchist): success (CO)
1958 – Laos (Phouma;
nationalist): success (CO)
1958 – Sudan (Sovereignty
Council; nationalist): success (CO)
1958 – Lebanon (*;
leftist): success (SE)
1958 – Syria (Kuwatli;
neutralist/Pan-Arabist): failure (CO)
1958 – Indonesia
(Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): failure (SE)
1959 –
Laos (Phouma; nationalist): success (CO)
1959 – Nepal
(*; left-centrist): success (SE)
1959 – Cambodia
(Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): failure (CO)
1960 –
Ecuador (Ponce; left/populist): success (CO)
1960 – Laos
(Phouma; nationalist): success (CO)
1960 – Iraq
(Qassem; rightist /militarist): failure (CO)
1960 – S.
Korea (Syngman; rightist): success (CO)
1960 – Turkey
(Menderes; liberal): success (CO)
1961 – Haiti
(Duvalier; rightist/militarist): success (CO)
1961 –
Cuba (Castro; communist): failure (CO)
1961 – Congo
(Lumumba; leftist/pan-Africanist): success (CO)
1961 –
Dominican Republic (Trujillo; rightwing/military): success (CO)
1962
– Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist): failure (SE)
1962
– Dominican Republic (*; left/populist): success (SE)
1962
– Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): failure
(CO)
1963 – Dominican Republic (Bosch; social democrat):
success (CO)
1963 – Honduras (Montes; left/populist):
success (CO)
1963 – Iraq (Qassem; militarist/rightist):
success (CO)
1963 – S. Vietnam (Diem; rightist):
success (CO)
1963 – Cambodia (Sihanouk;
moderate/neutralist): failure (CO)
1963 – Guatemala
(Ygidoras; rightist/reform): success (CO)
1963 –
Ecuador (Velasco; reform militarist): success (CO)
1963 –
United States (Kennedy; liberal): success (CO)
1964 –
Guyana (Jagan; populist/reformist): success (CO)
1964 –
Bolivia (Paz; centrist/neutralist): success (CO)
1964 –
Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist): success (CO)
1964 –
Chile (Allende; social democrat/marxist): success (SE)
1965 –
Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): success (CO)
1966
– Ghana (Nkrumah; leftist/pan-Africanist): success (CO)
1966
– Bolivia (*; leftist): success (SE)
1966 – France
(de Gaulle; centrist): failure (CO)
1967 – Greece
(Papandreou; social democrat): success (CO)
1968 – Iraq
(Arif; rightist): success (CO)
1969 – Panama (Torrijos;
military/reform populist): failure (CO)
1969 – Libya
(Idris; monarchist): success (CO)
1970 – Bolivia
(Ovando; reform nationalist): success (CO)
1970 –
Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): success (CO)
1970 –
Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist): failure (SE)
1971 –
Bolivia (Torres; nationalist/neutralist): success (CO)
1971 –
Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1971 –
Liberia (Tubman; rightist): success (CO)
1971 – Turkey
(Demirel; center-right): success (CO)
1971 – Uruguay
(Frente Amplio; leftist): success (SE)
1972 – El
Salvador (*; leftist): success (SE)
1972 – Australia
(Whitlam; liberal/labor): failure (SE)
1973 – Chile
(Allende; social democrat/Marxist): success (CO)
1974 –
United States (Nixon; centrist): success (CO)
1975 –
Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor): success (CO)
1975 –
Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist): failure (CO)
1975 –
Bangladesh (Mujib; nationalist): success (CO)
1976 –
Jamaica (Manley; social democrat): failure (SE)
1976 –
Portugal (JNS; military/leftist): success (SE)
1976 –
Nigeria (Mohammed; military/nationalist): success (CO)
1976 –
Thailand (*; rightist): success (CO)
1976 – Uruguay
(Bordaberry; center-right): success (CO)
1977 – Pakistan
(Bhutto: center/nationalist): success (CO)
1978 –
Dominican Republic (Balaguer; center): success (SE)
1979 –
S. Korea (Park; rightist): success (CO)
1979 – Nicaragua
(Sandinistas; leftist): failure (CO)
1980 – Bolivia
(Siles; centrist/reform): success (CO)
1980 – Iran
(Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure (CO)
1980 –
Italy (*; leftist): success (SE)
1980 – Liberia
(Tolbert; rightist): success (CO)
1980 – Jamaica
(Manley; social democrat): success (SE)
1980 – Dominica
(Seraphin; leftist): success (SE)
1980 – Turkey
(Demirel; center-right): success (CO)
1981 – Seychelles
(René; socialist): failure (CO)
1981 – Spain
(Suarez; rightist/neutralist): failure (CO)
1981 –
Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist); success (CO)
1981
– Zambia (Kaunda; reform nationalist): failure (CO)
1982
– Mauritius (*; center-left): failure (SE)
1982 –
Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist): success (SE)
1982 –
Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure (CO)
1982 –
Chad (Oueddei; Islamic nationalist): success (CO)
1983 –
Mozambique (Machel; socialist): failure (CO)
1983 –
Grenada (Bishop; socialist): success (OF)
1984 – Panama
(*; reform/centrist): success (SE)
1984 – Nicaragua
(Sandinistas; leftist): failure (SE)
1984 – Surinam
(Bouterse; left/reformist/neutralist): success (CO)
1984 –
India (Gandhi; nationalist): success (CO)
1986 – Libya
(Qaddafi; Islamic nationalist): failure (OF)
1987 – Fiji
(Bavrada; liberal): success (CO)
1989 – Panama
(Noriega; military/reform populist): success (OF)
1990 –
Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform): failure (SE)
1990 –
Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist): success (SE)
1991 –
Albania (Alia; communist): success (SE)
1991 – Haiti
(Aristide; liberal reform): success (CO)
1991 – Iraq
(Hussein; military/rightist): failure (OF)
1991 –
Bulgaria (BSP; communist): success (SE)
1992 –
Afghanistan (Najibullah; communist): success (CO)
1993 –
Somalia (Aidid; right/militarist): failure (OF)
1993 –
Cambodia (Han Sen/CPP; leftist): failure (SE)
1993 –
Burundi (Ndadaye; conservative): success (CO)
1994 – El
Salvador (*; leftist): success (SE)
1994 – Rwanda
(Habyarimana; conservative): success (CO)
1994 – Ukraine
(Kravchuk; center-left): success (SE)
1996 – Bosnia
(Karadzic; centrist): success (CO)
1996 – Russia
(Zyuganov; communist): success (SE)
1996 – Congo
(Mobutu; military/rightist): success (CO)
1996 –
Mongolia (*; center-left): success (SE)
1998 – Congo
(Kabila; rightist/military): success (CO)
1998 – United
States (Clinton; conservative): failure (CO)
1998 –
Indonesia (Suharto; military/rightist): success (CO)
1999 –
Yugoslavia (Milosevic; left/nationalist): success (SE)
2000 –
United States (Gore; conservative): success (SE)
2000 –
Ecuador (NSC; leftist): success: (CO)
2001 – Afghanistan
(Omar; rightist/Islamist): success (OF)
2001 – Belarus
(Lukashenko; leftist): failure (SE)
2001 – Nicaragua
(Ortega; Christian socialist): success (SE)
2001 – Nepal
(Birendra; nationalist/monarchist): success (CO)
2002 –
Venezuela (Chavez; reform-populist): failure (CO)
2002 –
Bolivia (Morales; leftist/MAS): success (SE)
2002 –
Brazil (Lula; center-left): failure (SE)
We should keep in
mind that the goals of the imperialist in each of these instances are
multiple: acquisition of access to local “markets” of all
varieties; imposition of neoliberal policy; destruction of any
potential alternative to the techno-fascist ruling order; provision
of incentive for a sprawling parasitical and parastatal
medical-intelligence-military-industrial complex (MIMIC); production
of official “villains” for propaganda purposes;
intimidation of non-combatants (as in the year 1945), and continuing
political hegemony of the transnational elite based in DC.
Chronological list of US air warfare campaigns
Japan (1943-45): conventional; incendiary; nuclear
China
(1945-49): conventional; biological
Korea (1950-53):
conventional; biological; chemical;
incendiary
China
(1951-52): conventional; biological; chemical
Guatemala
(1954): conventional
Indonesia (1958): conventional
Cuba
(1959-61): conventional; (biochemical attacks in other
years)
Guatemala (1960): conventional
Vietnam
(1961-73): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster
Congo
(1964): conventional
Peru (1965): conventional
Laos
(1964-73): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster
Guatemala
(1967-69): conventional
Cambodia (1969-70): conventional;
chemical; biological
Cambodia (1975): conventional
El
Salvador (1980-89): conventional
Nicaragua (1980-89):
conventional
Grenada (1983): conventional
Lebanon
(1983-4): conventional
Syria (1984): conventional
Libya
(1986): conventional
Iran (1987): conventional
Panama
(1989): conventional; chemical; biological
Iraq (1991-2002):
conventional; chemical; biological; cluster; DU
Kuwait (1991):
conventional; chemical; biological; cluster; DU
Somalia
(1993): conventional
Bosnia (1993-95): conventional; cluster;
DU
Sudan (1998): conventional; biological
Afghanistan
(1998): conventional
Yugoslavia (1999): conventional;
chemical; biological; cluster; DU
Afghanistan (2001-02):
conventional; chemical; biological; cluster; DU
Chronological list of US client states
[under construction]
1847 – Liberia: to present
1848
– Mexico: to 1911
1893 – Hawaii: to 1959
1899
– Cuba: to 1959
1903 – Dominican Republic: to
present
1903 – Honduras: to present
1912 –
China: to 1949
1922 – Italy: to 1941
1928 –
Portugal: to 1974
1933 – Germany: to 1941
1939 –
Spain: to present
1943 – Italy: to present
1944 –
Saudi Arabia: to present
1945 – France: to 1965
1945
– Japan: to present
1945 – West Germany: to
1960
1945 – South Korea: to present
1945 –
Burma: to 1962
1946 – Thailand: to present
1947 –
Greece: to 1964
1947 – Turkey: to present
1948 –
Israel: to present
1949 – Taiwan: to present
1950
– Colombia: to present
1952 – Australia: to
present
1952 – Lebanon: to present
1952 –
New Zealand: to 1985
1953 – Iran: to 1979
1954 –
Guatemala: to present
1954 – Pakistan: to present
1959
– Paraguay: to present
1955 – South Vietnam: to
1975
1957 – Haiti: to present
1957 –
Jordan: to present
1960 – Congo/Zaire: to present
1963
– Iraq: to 1990
1964 – Bolivia: to present
1964
– Brazil: to present
1965 – Greece: to
present
1965 – Peru: to present
1966 –
Central African Republic: to present
1969 – Oman: to
present
1970 – Egypt: to present
1970 –
Cambodia: to 1979
1970 – Uruguay: to present
1975
– Morocco: to present
1976 – Portugal: to
present
1978 – Kenya: to present
1978 – S.
Africa: to 1990
1979 – Yemen: to present
1979 –
Somalia: to 1991
1982 – Chad: to present
1982 –
Mexico: to present
1984 – Brunei: to present
1988
– Burma: to present
1992 – Angola: to 2002
1993
– Azerbaijan: to present
1993 – Eritrea: to
present
1993 – Nigeria: to present
1994 –
Ukraine: to present
1995 – Ethiopia: to present
2000
– Kyrgyzstan: to present
2001 – Afghanistan: to
present
[all of Latin America (sans Mexico, Venezuela,
Costa
Rica, Cuba 1964-1990); a legion of others ]
Chronological list of states held in the manacles of debt-leverage imperialism
:N.B. these states are held in the thralldom of “odious
debt” imposed upon them by (typically) quasi-fascistic regimes
who 1) often enough were empowered via United States state terrorism
and 2) accepted the terms of United States dominated Bretton Woods
restructuring programs.
Many countries found themselves in
dire monetary and fiscal straits in the early 1980s—after the
Nixon shocks, the various oil embargoes, and the Volcker interest
rate hikes. At this time of the debt crisis, the IMF and World Bank
became “lenders of last resort” for regimes unable to
meet balance of payments obligations to imperialist-controlled
banks—but such lending comes
with a cost: dismantle any and
all policies that don’t adhere to the mystical mantras of
neoliberalism (ie such policies as protectionism, capital regulation,
state industry, wage control, labor and environmental regulation,
resistance to currency devaluation, autochthonous/non-export
production, etc had to go); such is the nature of the structural
adjustment program (SAP).
Note further that these policies
were the Reaganites’ answer to the “Crisis of Democracy”
(as defined by the geniuses in the Trilateral Commission) that was
occurring on a global scale and to the relative loss of US
geopolitical power in the late 1970s.
In order to disrupt the
G-77, UNCTAD, and other international movements modeled on the
success of OPEC, the debt crisis and its neoliberal response were
engineered for the sake of ushering in a new world order of managed
friggin’ chaos.
It is good to recall that a number of
countries that have refused SAP have been attacked (e.g., Serbia)
and/or destabilized (e.g., Belarus). It is also prudent to realize
that many an “ethnic,” “religious,” or
otherwise vaguely described “civil” war has been caused
directly by SAP (e.g., Somalia, Yugoslavia).
Moreover note
that the meaning of “debt crisis” is that subjugated
nations that were unable to meet balance of payments obligations to
imperialist-controlled banks threatened the survival of such banks,
and thus this privately held debt was transferred to public
institutions, thereby socializing risk while insuring the sanctity of
corporate profit. (I.e., “crisis” does not here refer to
those horrors being inflicted on subjugated peoples.)
[Year
of initial SAP implementation – nations]
1980 –
Jamaica
1981 – Brazil; Mauritius; Uganda
1982 –
Mexico; Ecuador; Bangladesh; Central African Republic; Argentina;
Tanzania
1983 – Chile; Ghana; Kenya; Malawi; Niger;
Somalia
1984 – Congo/Zaire; Mauritania; Senegal
1985
– Bolivia; Botswana; Costa Rica; Gambia; Guinea; Sao Tome
1986
– Madagascar; Nigeria; Philippines; Sierra Leone; Tunisia
1987 – Zambia; Algeria; Guinea-Bissau; Mozambique;
Sudan; Yugoslavia
1988 – Equatorial Guinea; Guyana;
Hungary; Pakistan; Sri Lanka
1989 – Cameroon; El
Salvador; Jordan; Lesotho; Trinidad; Venezuela; Congo (RC);
Togo
1990 – Colombia; Czech Republic; Nicaragua; Peru;
Rwanda
1991 – Angola; Burkina Faso; Cote d’Ivoire;
Egypt; Ethiopia; India; Romania; Zimbabwe
1992 – Latvia;
Reunion; Ukraine; Belarus; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Armenia; Kazakhstan;
Uzbekistan; Moldova
1993 – Benin; Gabon; Russia; S.
Africa; Surinam
1994 – Eritrea; Cambodia; Haiti;
Mali
1995 – Seychelles; Swaziland; Tajikistan
1996
– Bosnia-Herzegovina; Comoros; Uruguay
1997 –
Bulgaria; Djibouti; Indonesia
1998 – Mongolia; Paraguay;
S. Korea; Thailand;
Yemen
1999 – Kosovo
Rough chronological list of foreign territories “hosting” US military installations
.The range of years for each group attempts to indicate when the
country in question first began its role as “host” for US
military facilities. NB I’m still corroborating these.
[under
construction]
“Mahan Doctrine” group (1898-1904):
Guam; Puerto Rico; Philippines; Cuba; Hawaii, Panama
“Monroe
Doctrine-Crisis of Capital” group (1905-1935): Antarctica;
Azores; Galapagos; Haiti; Liberia; Nicaragua; Samoa
“Welt
Krieg” group (1939-1953): Antigua; Australia; Bahamas; Belgium;
Bermuda; British Guiana; Burma; Denmark; France; Germany; Greece;
Greenland; Iceland; Indonesia; Iran; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Johnston
Atoll; Korea; Marshall Islands; Midway Islands; Morocco; Netherlands;
Newfoundland; New Zealand; Okinawa; Portugal; Spain; St. Lucia;
Taiwan; Thailand; Trinidad; Turkey; United Kingdom; Vietnam
“Post-Monroe Doctrine-War on Drugs/Depopulation”
group (1954-2002): Aruba, Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; DRC;
Ecuador; El Salvador; Ghana; Guatemala; Honduras; Ivory Coast;
Nigeria; Peru; Rwanda; Senegal
“Carter Doctrine”
group (1978-1981): Bahrain; Diego Garcia; Egypt; Israel; Kenya; Oman;
Somalia
“New World Order-Persian Gulf” group
(1990-1991): Kuwait; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; UAE; Yemen
“New
World Order-Balkans” group (1991-2001): Albania; Bosnia;
Croatia; Hungary; Kosovo; Macedonia
“Afghanistan
War/Caspian Basin” group (2000-2002): Afghanistan; Azerbaijan;
Georgia; India; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Pakistan;
Tajikistan;
Uzbekistan
Chronological list of US murder toll
[under construction]
The murder toll has been achieved by
either direct violence (e.g. the firebombing and nuking of Japan or
the firebombing of Dresden) or indirect/proxy “low intensity
conflict” (e.g. Rwanda in the 90s or Nicaragua in the 80s). (I
have not here accounted for the deaths attributable to SAP.)
Some
extremely conservative estimates.
Native Americans
(1776-2002): 4M
West Africans (1776-1865): 4M
Philippines
(1898-1904): 600K
Germany (1945): 200K
Japan (1945):
900K
China (1945-60): 200K
Greece (1947-49):
100K
Korea (1951-53): 2M
Guatemala (1954-2002):
300K
Vietnam (1960-75): 2M
Laos (1965-73):
500K
Cambodia (1969-75): 1M
Indonesia (1965):
500K
Colombia (1966-2002): 500K
Oman (1970):
10K
Bangladesh (1971): 2M
Uganda (1971-1979):
200K
Chile (1973-1990): 20K
East Timor (1975):
200K
Angola (1975-2002): 1.5M
Argentina (1976-1979):
30K
Afghanistan (1978-2002): 1M
El Salvador (1980-95):
100K
Nicaragua (1980-90): 100K
Mozambique (1981-1988):
1M
Turkey (1984-2002): 50K
Rwanda (1990-1996): 1M
Iraq
(1991-2002): 1M
Somalia (1991-1994): 300K
Yugoslavia
(1991-2002): 300K
Liberia (1992-2002): 150K
Burundi
(1993-1999): 200K
Sudan (1998): 100K
Congo (1998-2002):
3M
We should also take note that the United States bears
more than superficial responsibility for the Nazi Holocaust: e.g.,
the turning away of Jewish, Romani, and other refugees; funding the
concentration camp system; underwriting the Third Reich’s
military; delay in opening a western front; policies of appeasement
before the war; siding with the fascists during the Spanish Civil
War; turning down Stalin’s offer to attack Germany jointly in
1938; providing theoretical inspiration for lebensraum, final
solutions, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, etc; rebuilding Germany
after the war with the fascist infrastructure still intact; saving
war criminals; general ideological support; and so forth.
Alphabetical list of rightwing dictators, reactionary movements, and other reprehensible figures empowered/materially supported by the US
[under construction]
It seems as though the number one
criterion for getting a job as the head of a client state is a
willingness to butcher leftists. Indeed, the use of unsavory
rightists by the United States began neither with the anti-Castro
Cuban émigré community, nor with the Afghan mujaheddin
alumni, oh Nelly no!
[the dates provided are sloppily done, I
concede. At times, they are just the general duration of the given
regime (e.g., Selassie). Most others are the duration of US support
while the regime lasted (e.g., Hitler, Saddam Hussein,
etc.)]
Abacha, Sani (Nigeria: 1993-2000)
Afwerki,
Isaias (Eritrea: 1993-2002)
Amin, Idi (Uganda:
1971-1979)
Arévalo, Marco (Guatemala: 1985-1991)
Bakr,
Ahmad (Iraq: 1968-1979)
Banzer Suarez, Hugo (Bolivia:
1971-1978)
Bao Dai (Vietnam: 1949-1955)
Barak, Ehud
(Israel: 1999-2001)
Barre, Siad (Somalia: 1979-1991)
Batista,
Fulgencio (Cuba: 1940-44/1952-1959)
Begin, Menachem (Israel:
1977-1983)
Ben-Gurion, David (Israel: 1948-1953,
1955-1963)
Betancourt Bello, Rumulo (Venezuela:
1959-1964)
Bokassa, Jean-Bedel (Central African Republic:
1966-1976)
Bolkiah, Sir Hassanal (Brunei: 1984-2002)
Botha,
P.W. (South Africa: 1978-1989)
Branco, Humberto (Brazil:
1964-1966)
Carmona, Pedro (Venezuela: 2002)
Cedras,
Raoul (Haiti: 1991)
Chamoun, Camille (Lebanon:
1952-1958)
Chiang Kai-shek (China: 1928-1949/Taiwan:
1949-1975)
Christiani, Alfredo (El Salvador: 1989-1994)
Chun
Doo Hwan (S. Korea: 1980-1988)
Cordova, Roberto (Honduras:
1981-1985)
Diaz, Porfirio (Mexico: 1876-1911)
Diem, Ngo
Dinh (S. Vietnam: 1955-1963)
Doe, Samuel (Liberia:
1980-90)
Duvalier, Francois (Haiti: 1957-1971)
Duvalier,
Jean Claude (Haiti: 1971-1986)
Eshkol, Levi (Israel:
1963-1969)
Fahd bin'Abdul-'Aziz (Saudi Arabia:
1969-2002)
Feisal, King (Iraq: 1939-1958)
Franco,
Francisco (Spain: 1937-1975)
Fujimori, Alberto (Peru:
1990-2002)
Habre, Hissen (Chad: 1982-1990);
Hassan II
(Morocco: 1961-1999)
Hitler, Adolf (Germany:
1933-1939)
Hussein, King (Jordan: 1952-1999)
Hussein,
Saddam (Iraq: 1979-1990)
Kabila, Laurent (CDR:
1997-1998)
Karzai, Hamid (Afghanistan: 2001-2002)
Khan,
Ayub (Pakistan: 1958-1969)
Koirala, B. (Nepal: 1959-1960)
Lon
Nol (Cambodia: 1970-1975)
Marcos, Ferdinand (Philippines:
1965-1986)
Martinez, Maximiliano (El Salvador:
1931-1944)
Meir, Golda (Israel: 1969-1974)
Meles Zenawi
(Ethiopia: 1995-2002)
Mobutu Sese Seko (Zaire:
1965-1997)
Moi, Daniel (Kenya: 1978-2002)
Montt, Efrain
(Guatemala: 1982-1983)
Mubarak, Hosni ( Egypt:
1981-2002)
Museveni, Yoweri (Uganda: 1986-2002)
Musharaf,
Pervez (Pakistan: 1999-2002)
Mussolini, Benito (Italy:
1922-1939)
Netanyahu, Benjamin (Israel: 1996-1999)
Noriega,
Manuel (Panama: 1983-1989)
Odria, Manuel (Peru:
1948-1956)
Omar, Mohamed (Afghanistan: 1996-2001)
Ozal,
Turgut (Turkey: 1989-1993)
Pahlevi , Rezi (Iran:
1953-1979)
Papadopoulos, George (Greece: 1967-1973)
Park
Chung Hee (S. Korea: 1960-1979)
Pastrana, Andres (Colombia:
1998-2002)
Peres, Shimon (Israel: 1977, 1984-1986,
1995-1996)
Perez Jimenez, Marcos (Venezuela:
1952-58)
Pinilla, Gustavo (Colombia: 1953-1957)
Pinochet,
Augusto (Chile: 1973-1990)
Pol Pot (Cambodia:
1975-1998)
al-Qaddafi, Muammar (Libya: 1969-1971)
Rabin,
Yitzhak (Israel: 1974-1977, 1992-1995)
Rabuka, Sitiveni (Fiji:
1987, 1992-1999)
Al Sadat, Anwar (Egypt: 1970-1981)
Selassie,
Halie (Ethiopia: 1941-1974)
Salazar, Antonio (Portugal:
1932-1968)
Saud, Abdul Aziz (Saudi Arabia: 1944-1969)
Seaga,
Edward (Jamaica: 1980-1989)
Shamir, Yitzhak (Israel:
1983-1984; 1986-1992)
Sharett, Moshe (Israel:
1953-1955)
Sharon, Ariel (Israel: 2001-2002)
Smith, Ian
(Rhodesia: 1965-1979)
Somoza Sr., Anastasio (Nicaragua:
1936-1956)
Somoza Jr., Anastasio (Nicaragua:
1963-1979)
Stroessner, Alfredo (Paraguay: 1954-1989)
Suharto,
General (Indonesia: 1966-1999)
Syngman Rhee (S. Korea:
1948-1960)
Tolbert, William (Liberia: 1971-1980)
Trujillo,
Rafael (Dominican Republic: 1930-1960)
Tubman, William
(Liberia: 1944-1971)
Uribe, Alvaro (Colombia: 2002)
Videla,
Jorge (Argentina: 1976-1981)
Yeltsin, Boris (Russia:
1991-1999)
Zaim, Hosni (Syria: 1949)
Zia Ul-Haq,
Mohammed (Pakistan: 1977-1988)
other nasty nasties:
RPF (contra French client Rwanda);
SPLA contra Islamist
Sudan, (a French client); clients in Cameroon, Congo, Ivory Coast,
Togo and Benin, after subverted elections (contra French proxies);
AFDL (Kabila);
Dalai Lama (Tibet);
bin
Laden’s al Qaida;
Savimbi’s UNITA
Nazi war
criminals and collaborators knowingly rescued in the years after WW2
by US intelligence for use as covert assets against the USSR: R.
Gehlen; O. Skorzeny; A. Brunner; O. von Bolschwing; W. von Braun; M.
Lebed; A. Vlasov; I. Docheff; K.Dragonovich; I. Bogolepov; C.
Bolydreff; A. Berzins; H. Herwarth; K. Barbie; I. Demjanjuk; W.
Dornberger; V. Hazners; B. Maikovskis; E. Laipenieks; N. Nazarenko;
L. Pasztor; R. Ostrowsky; L. Kairys; P. Shandruk; T. Soobzokov; S.
Stankievich; and literally thousands of others.
List of “international” bodies
designed/employed/perverted by the United States
[under construction]
UN/ OECD/ WHO
G8/IMF/WB/WTO/NAFTA/MAI/FTAA/Colombo
Plan
NATO/SEATO/CTO/ANZUS/OAS
Chronological list of interventions by the United States
with the purpose of opposing (or aiding opposition to) popular
resistance movements—whether by means of overt force (OF) or
covert operation (CO):
[Date – place (targeted
movement): outcome (means)]
1776-1865 – United
States (numerous slave rebellions): success (OF)
1782-1787 –
United States (Wyoming Valley): success (OF)
1786-1787 –
United States (Shay’s Rebellion): success (OF)
1790-1795
– United States (Ohio Valley tribes): success (OF)
1794-1794
– United States (Whiskey Rebellion): success (OF)
1798-1800
– United States (Alien & Sedition trials): success
(CO)
1799-1799 – United States (Fries’ Rebellion):
success (OF)
1805-1806 – United States (Boston union
“conspiracy”): success (CO)
1806-1807 –
United States (Burr’s Insurrection): success (OF)
1810-1821
– Spanish Florida (Africans, Natives, etc): success
(OF)
1811-1811 – United States (Tecumseh’s
Confederacy): success (OF)
1813-1814 – United States
(Creeks): success (OF)
1822-1822 – United States
(Vesey’s Rebellion): success (CO)
1823-1824 –
United States (Arikara): success (OF)
1826-1827 – United
States (Philadelphia union “conspiracy”): success
(CO)
1827-1827 – United States (Fever River &
Winnebago): success (OF)
1831-1831 – United States
(Turner’s rebellion): success (OF)
1831-1831 –
United States (Sac & Fox): success (OF)
1832-1832 –
United States (Black Hawks): success (OF)
1833-1834 –
Argentina (rebellion): success (OF)
1835-1835 – United
States (Murrel’s Uprising): success (CO)
1835-1836 –
Peru (rebellion): success (OF)
1835-1842 – United States
(Seminoles): success (OF)
1836-1837 – United States
(Sabine, Osage): success (OF)
1836-1844 – Mexico
(anti-Texans, Natives, etc): success (OF)
1837-1838 –
United States (massive strikes): success (OF)
1838-1839 –
United States (Mormons): success (OF)
1842-1842 – United
States (Dorr’s Rebellion): success (OF)
1847-1855 –
United States (Cayuse): success (OF)
1850-1851 – United
States (Mariposa tribes): success (OF)
1851-1859 –
United States (Washington tribes): success (OF)
1852-1853 –
Argentina (rebellion in Buenos Aires): success (OF
1854-1856
– China (rebellion): success (OF)
1855-1856 –
United States (Sioux): success (OF)
1855-1858 – United
States (Seminoles): success (OF)
1855-1858 – Nicaragua
(Walker’s invasion): success (OF)
1855-1860 –
United States (“Bleeding Kansas”): success
(OF)
1857-1857 – United States (Cheyenne): success
(OF)
1857-1858 – United States (Mormons): success
(OF)
1858-1858 – Uruguay (rebellion in Montevideo):
success (OF)
1858-1859 – United States (Comanche):
success (OF)
1859-1859 – United States (Brownists at
Harper’s Ferry): success (OF)
1860-1860 – Angola
(rebellion in Kissembo): success (OF)
1860-1861 –
Colombia (rebellion): success (OF)
1861-1865 – United
States (confederate rebellion): success (OF)
1861-1865 –
United States (Navajo): success (OF)
1861-1886 – United
States (Apache): success (OF)
1862-1864 – United States
(Sioux): success (OF)
1863-1863 – United States (draft
riots): success (OF)
1863-1864 – United States (massive
strikes): success (OF)
1864-1864 – United States (Sand
Hill Massacre): success (OF)
1865-1865 – Panama
(rebellion): success (OF)
1865-1867 – United States
(Sioux): success (OF)
1867-1867 – Formosa (rebellion):
success (OF)
1867-1875 – United States (Comanche):
success (OF)
1868-1868 – Japan (rebellion): success
(OF)]
1868-1868 – United States (Washita/South Plains
tribes): success (OF)
1868-1868 – Uruguay (rebellion):
success (OF)
1871-1871 – Korea (rebellion): success
(OF)
1872-1873 – United States (Modocs): success
(OF)
1874-1875 – United States (Red River War): success
(OF)
1874-1874 – United States (Kiowa): success
(OF)
1876-1877 – United States (Sioux/Cheyenne): success
(OF)
1877-1877 – United States (St Louis general strike,
others): success (OF)
1877-1877 – United States (Nez
Perce): success (OF)
1878-1878 – United States (Idaho
tribes): success (OF)
1878-1879 – United States
(Cheyenne): success (OF)
1879-1880 – United States
(Ute): success (OF)
1885-1885 – United States (New York
textile strikes): failure (OF)
1886-1886 – United States
(massive strikes, Haymarket): success (OF)
1888-1888 –
Korea (rebellion): success (OF)
1888-1893 – Hawaii
(rebellion contra Dole): success (OF)
1888-1889 – Samoa
(rebellion): success (OF)
1890-1891 – United States
(Pine Ridge, Wounded Knee): success (OF)
1891-1891 –
Haiti (Navassa uprising): success (OF)
1891-1892 – Chile
(rebellion): success (OF)
1892-1892 – United States
(Idaho miners): success (OF)
1893-1894 – United States
(massive strikes): success (OF)
1894-1894 – Nicaragua
(Bluefields unrest): success (OF)
1894-1894 – United
States (Chicago rail/Pullman strikes): success (OF)
1894-1895
– Brazil (rebellion): success (OF)
1894-1896 –
Korea (post Sino-Japanese war rebellion): success (OF)
1896-1899
– Nicaragua (rebellions): success (OF)
1898-1900 –
United States (Chippewa at Leech Lake): success (OF)
1898-1902
– Philippines (nationalist resistance): success (OF)
1899-1899
– Samoa (Mataafa): success (OF)
1899-1901 – United
States (Idaho miners): success (OF)
1900-1941 – China
(Boxers, communists, etc): success (OF)
1901-1901 –
United States (Creek uprising): success (OF)
1901-1901 –
United States (Steel strikes): failure (OF)
1901-1902 –
Colombia (rebellions): success (OF)
1901-1913 –
Philippines (Moslem Moro rebellion): success (OF)
1903-1903 –
Honduras (rebellion): success (OF)
1903-1904 – Dominican
Republic (rebellion): success (OF)
1904-1909 – United
States (Kentucky tobacco farmers): success (OF)
1906-1909 –
Cuba (rebellion): success (OF)
1907-1911 – Honduras
(leftists, Bonilla): success (OF)
1909-1911 – United
States (NY/Triangle textile strikes): failure (OF)
1911-1912 –
China (rebellions): success (OF)
1912-1925 – Nicaragua
(leftists): success (OF)
1913-1919 – Mexico (various
rebellions, Villa): failure (OF)
1914-1914 – United
States (Ludlow Massacre): success (OF)
1914-1924 –
Dominican Republic (various factions): success (OF)
1915-1934
– Haiti (Sam, etc): success (OF)
1916-1917 –
United States (Arizona miners strike): success (OF)
1917-1918
– United States (IWW): success (CO)
1917-1919 –
United States (Espionage Act trials): success (CO)
1917-1922 –
Cuba (rebellions): success (OF)
1918-1920 – Panama
(strikes, election protests, etc): success (OF)
1919-1919 –
Honduras (rebellion): success (OF)
1919-1920 – United
States (Palmer Raids): success (CO)
1919-1920 – Costa
Rica (Tinoco, etc): success (CO)
1919-1920 – United
States (Great Steel Strike, others): success (OF)
1920-1921 –
United States (West Virginian miners): success (OF)
1920-1928
– United States (prison rebellions): success (OF)
1920-1920
– Guatemala (Unionists): success (OF)
1922-1922 –
Turkey (Nationalists): success (OF)
1922-1923 – United
States (massive strikes): success (OF)
1924-1925 –
Honduras (rebellions): success (OF)
1925-1925 – Panama
(general strike): success (OF)
1926-1933 – Nicaragua
(Sandino, others): success (OF)
1931-1932 – El Salvador
(Marti): success (OF)
1932-1932 – United States (DC
Bonus Strikers): success (OF)
1933-1933 – Cuba
(rebellion): success (OF)
1935-1935 – Philippines
(Sakdal Uprising): success (OF)
1938-1957 – United
States (leftists: HUAC, McCarthyism): success (CO)
1943-1946 –
United States (unprecedented strikes): success (OF)
1944-1951
– Greece (EAM/ELAS/KKE): success (CO)
1945-1949 –
China (maoism): failure (OF)
1945-1954 – Vietnam (Viet
Minh): failure (CO)
1946-1947 – S. Korea (mass
resistance to US military rule): success (OF)
1947-1950 –
Turkey (TKP): success (CO)
1948-1948 – S. Korea
(democratic resistance): success (OF)
1948-1954 –
Philippines (Huks): success (CO)
1950-1951 – United
States (Puerto Rican independence): success (OF)
1950-1953 –
United States (many prison rebellions): success (OF)
1952-1975
– Japan (general anti-US protests): success (OF)
1952-1957
– Japan (protestors in Okinawa): success (OF)
1953-1963
– Syria (ASRP/Baathists): failure (CO)
1954-1962 –
Algeria (FLN): failure (CO)
1956-1971 – United States
(Cointelpro-CPUSA): success (CO)
1956-1975 – South
Vietnam (NLF): failure (OF)
1957-1959 – Lebanon
(leftists): success (OF)
1957-1958 – Jordan
(leftists/anti-monarchists): success (OF)
1959-1960 –
Haiti (rebels contra Duvalier): success (OF)
1960-1971 –
United States (Cointelpro-Puertorriquenos): success (CO)
1960-1966
– Peru (leftist rebels/PCP): success (CO)
1960-1963 –
Venezuela (FALN; leftist): success (CO)
1962-1969 –
United States (Cointelpro-SWP): success (CO)
1963-1965 –
El Salvador (various rebels): success (CO)
1964-1964 –
Panama (Canal activists): success (OF)
1965-1968 –
United States (mass urban race riots): failure (OF)
1965-1966
– Dominican Republic (Bosch supporters): success
(OF)
1965-1966 – Indonesia (PKI): success
(CO)
1965-2000 – East Timor (independence movement):
failure (CO)
1966-1973 – United States (massive antiwar
protest): failure (OF)
1966-2002 – Colombia (FARC/ELN):
success (CO)
1966-1988 – Namibia (SWAPO): failure
(CO)
1966-1967 – Guatemala (leftists): success
(CO)
1967-1971 – United States (Cointelpro-SCLC, BPP,
CORE, etc): failure (CO)
1967-1967 – United States
(Detroit black workers): success (OF)
1967-1971 –
Uruguay (Tupamaros): success (CO)
1967-1968 – United
States (San Quentin prison rebellions): success (OF)
1967-1969
– Japan (protestors in Okinawa): success (OF)
1968-1969
– United States (MLK assassination riots): success
(OF)
1968-1971 – United States (Cointelpro-SDS): success
(CO)
1969-1970 – United States (IAT at Alcatraz):
success (OF)
1969-1970 – Oman (Dhufar Rebellion):
success (CO)
1969-2002 – Philippines (maoism): success
(CO)
1970-1970 – United States (several prison
rebellions): success (OF)
1970-1970 – United States
(campus uprisings: KSU, etc): success (OF)
1970-1970 –
Jordan (Palestinian resistance): success (CO)
1970-1972 –
Bangladesh (independence movement): failure (CO)
1970-1972 –
Trinidad (rebellions): success (OF)
1971-1971 – United
States (post-Jackson murder prison riots): success (OF)
1972-1973
– Nicaragua (Sandinistas): success (OF)
1973-1973 –
United States (Lakota at Wounded Knee): success (OF)
1973-1976
– United States (Cointelpro-AIM): success (CO)
1974-2002
– Israel (PLO): success (CO)
1974-2002 – Turkey
(PKK): success (CO)
1977-1978 – United States (coal
miners): failure (OF)
1980-2002 – Peru (MRTA/Shining
Path): success (CO)
1981-1992 – El Salvador (FMLN, etc):
success (CO)
1981-1990 – Honduras (PCH, FPR, etc):
success (CO)
1981-1981 – United States (air controllers
strike): success (OF)
1982-1983 – Morocco (MOL): success
(CO)
1982-1984 – Lebanon (leftist & Moslem
resistance): failure (OF)
1986-1990 – Bolivia
(peasants): success (OF)
1989-1989 – St. Croix (Black
rebellion): success (OF)
1992-1992 – United States (LA
uprising): success (OF)
1994-2002 – Mexico
(EZLN/Zapatistas): success (CO)
1995-1998 – Japan
(protestors in Okinawa): success (OF)
1996-2002 – Nepal
(CPN): success (CO)
US as “isolationist” pre-1941?
hahahahaha! DoS-confessed conflicts & interventions up to WW2
(NB other unconfessed exist—tracking them is the tricky
part).
Contra major European powers—
France:
1798-1800, 1806-10
Germany: 1917-18, 1941-45
Great
Britain: 1775-1783, 1812-1815
Spain [and colonies]: 1806-10,
1812, 1813, 1814, 1816-18, 1898
USSR: 1918-22
Contra
minor powers, colonies, marginal states, non-European major
powers—
Abyssina: 1903-4
“Africa”
[west coast]: 1820-23, 1843 [allegedly contra “slave
trade”]
Amelia Is.: 1812, 1817
Algeria/Algiers:
1815 [the 2nd Barbary War]
Angola: 1860
Argentina:
1833, 1852-3, 1890
“Bering Sea”: 1891 [contra
alleged “seal poaching” LOL]
Brazil:
1894
“Caribbean”: 1814-25 [contra alleged
“piracy”]
Chile: 1891
China: 1843, 1854-6,
1859, 1866, 1894-5, 1898-9, 1900, 1911, 1912-41
Colombia:
1868, 1873, 1895, 1902
Costa Rica: 1921
Cuba: 1822-25,
1906-9, 1912, 1917-22, 1933
Dominican Republic: 1799, 1903-4,
1914
Egypt: 1882
Falklands: 1831-2
Fiji: 1840,
1855, 1858 [the most curious in the bunch, IMHO]
Formosa:
1867
Greece: 1827
Greenland: 1941 [“defense”
agreement]
Guatemala: 1920
Haiti: 1888, 1891, 1914,
1915-34
Hawaii: 1870, 1874, 1893
Honduras: 1903, 1907,
1911, 1912, 1919, 1924-5
Iceland: 1941 [“defense”
agreement]
Italy: 1941-43
Japan: 1853-4, 1863, 1868,
1941-45
Johanna Is.: 1851
Kingsmills Is.: 1841
Korea:
1871, 1888, 1889, 1894-6, 1904-5
Libya/Tripoli: 1801-1805,
1815 [the 1st
and 3rd Barbary
Wars]
Marquesa Is.: 1813-4
Mexico: 1806, 1836, 1842,
1844, 1846-8, 1859, 1866, 1870, 1873, 1876, 1913-9
Morocco:
1904
Nicaragua: 1853, 1854, 1857, 1869, 1894, 1896, 1898-9,
1910, 1912-25, 1926-33
Panama: [Colo] 1856, 1860, 1865, 1885,
1901, [indep] 1903-14, 1918-21, 1925
Paraguay: 1859
Peru:
1835-6
Philippines: 1899-1901
Puerto Rico: 1824,
1899
Samoa: 1841, 1888-9, 1899
Smyrna: 1849
Sumatra:
1832, 1838-9
Surinam: 1941
Turkey: 1851, 1858-9, 1912,
1917-8, 1919, 1922
Uruguay: 1855, 1858, 1868
Yugoslavia:
1919
Scanning the official public acknowledgment list
here, we clearly see that the US had extreme paranoia about China,
Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama: Open Doors, “uncooperative”
neighbors, and two potential canal zones. Also, check the rationale
in the official Defense Dept. record for each of the above conflict
dates.
Many, many times, we have the “to protect US
interests [or “nationals”] during a crisis” as the
proposed justification. Caveat lector
Noteworthy Covert Operations conducted by the United States.
We should keep in mind that the dates given are the confesseddates
of operation. In no way does thisaccount for programs that continued
to run after they were officiallyterminated, nor does it reckon with
the same practices under different names—orno names at all. It
should go without saying that this isn’t a complete
listing.Overcast (1945-46): OSS rescuing Nazi military scientists for
US use
Crowcass: 1945-48): locating thousands of Nazis for
later use
Paperclip (1946-1954): continuation and expansion of
Overcast
Mockingbird (1947-2002): CIA control of mass
media
Bloodstone (1948-50): infiltrating fascists into the
USSR
Gladio (1949-90): terrorist actions to discredit the
left; assassination, etc.
MK-Ultra (1953-1963): CIA
experiments with LSD, etc on non-volunteers
Cointelpro
(1956-71): FBI destabilization of CP, AIM, SDS, civil rights,
etc.
Celeste (1960-61): CIA assassination of UN
secretary-general Dag Hammarskjold
Mongoose (1961-63):
assassinating Castro
Merrimac (1967-68): CIA surveillance of
DC
Resistance (1967-68): CIA spying on US student
movements
Chaos (1968-1974): CIA domestic espionage on
students, activists, etc
Garden Plot (1968-2002): DoD plans
for mass repression/concentration camps
Grillflame
(1971-1991): CIA “ESP troopers” i.e. over-horizon
radar
Echelon (1972-2002): NSA electronic surveillance of all
communication
Condor (1975-1977): Security arrangement in S.
America to kill leftists
Cyclone (1979-2002): funding violent
Islamic fundamentalist groups
Promis (1981-2002): CIA, etc
surveillance of financial transactions
JCET (1991-2002):
“foreign internal defense” training programs
Roots
(1993-1999): CIA sows fascistic propaganda in Yugoslavia
Storm
(1995): ethnic cleansing of Serbs from Krajina
Carnivore
(1999-2002): FBI surveillance of www posts, listservs, etc
Magic
Lantern (2001-2002): FBI surveillance of PC keystrokes.
Tips
(2002-): DoJ civilian informants and denunciations
Prominent Front Organizations
used to advance US imperialist interests:
Adolph Coors
Foundation: rightist propaganda slush-fund
AFL-CIO: CIA
controlled labor organization
African American Institute: CIA
front group
American Council for International Commission of
Jurists: CIA front
American Enterprise Foundation: rightist
think-tank
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal
Employees: CIA front
American Foreign Policy Council: rightist
think-tank
American Friends of the Middle East: CIA front
group
American Newspaper Guild: CIA front group
American
Society of African Culture: CIA front group
Brookings
Institution: rightist think-tank
CANF: anti-Castro
lobbyist
Cato Institute: rightist think-tank
Carnegie
Endowment: rightist think-tank
Center for Security Policy:
rightist think-tank
Center for Strategic and International
Studies: rightist think-tank
Competitive Enterprise Institute:
rightist think-tank
Ethics and Public Policy Center: rightist
think-tank
Ford Foundation: CIA front group
Freedom
Forum: rightist think-tank
Fund for International Social and
Economic Education: CIA front group
Heritage Foundation:
rightist think-tank
Hoover Institution: rightist
think-tank
Hudson Institute: rightist think-tank
Institute
for Historical Review: neo-fascist lobbyist; Holocaust
denier
Institute for International Economics: rightist
think-tank
Institute for International Labor Research: CIA
front group
International Development Foundation: CIA front
group
International Institute for Strategic Studies: rightist
think-tank
John Birch Society: virulent anti-communist
publicist
John M. Olin Foundation: rightist propaganda
slush-fund
Koch Family Foundations: rightist propaganda
slush-fund
Liberty Lobby: neo-fascist agitprop
Lynde
and Harry Bradley Foundation: rightist propaganda
slush-fund
Manhattan Institute: rightist think-tank
National
Education Association: CIA front group
National Endowment for
Democracy: CIA front group
National Student Association: CIA
front group
Progress and Freedom Foundation: rightist
think-tank
Progressive Policy Institute: rightist
think-tank
RAND Corporation: rightist think-tank
Reason
Foundation: rightist think-tank
Scaife Family Foundations:
rightist propaganda slush-fund
Smith Richardson Foundation:
rightist propaganda slush-fund
Soros Foundation: CIA front
group
USAID: official humanitarian front used to control
food politics
USIA: primary disseminator of official “white
propaganda”
Voice of America: CIA-controlled radio
“Low intensity wars” conducted by the United States
and its proxies...
(“medium intensity warfare” =
direct and usually acknowledged involvement of US military apparatus;
“high intensity warfare” = Dr. Strangelove stuff:
“nuclear combat toe-to-toe with the Russkies,” &c).
The primary goal of low intensity conflict is to use proxies,
intelligence, and special forces to destabilize a region and its
official government. The purpose of destabilization is to achieve 1)
access to resources amidst the chaos, 2) delegitimation of an “enemy”
political/economic system, 3) influence over specific local groups,
and 4) depopulation of regions inhabited by
“untermenschen.”
All leftists should learn about low intensity warfare; it is
by far and away one of the most disgusting and useful tools in the
imperialist repertoire. Don’t let the words “low
intensity” trick you: rivers are dammed with corpses and the
fields are sown with the blood of the targeted nation.
1950s:
Poland; Ukraine; Russia, China; Thailand; Burma
1960s: Congo; Vietnam; Laos; Cambodia; Thailand; Burma
1970s:
Congo; Vietnam; Laos; Cambodia
1980s: Congo; Cambodia;
Nicaragua; Afghanistan; Mozambique; Angola; Ethiopia; Yemen; Western
Sahara
1990s: Congo; Cambodia; Afghanistan; Yugoslavia;
Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Guinea-Bissau; Colombia; Liberia; Sudan;
Central African Republic; Equatorial Guinea
Proxy Wars fought
by the United States, which typically involves the use of clients,
dupes, mercenaries, unofficial “volunteers,” and
official, though disavowable, special forces. [under
construction]
contra Soviet Union:
stock-in-trade Cold War
superpower jousting
contra France:
after the Soviet Union
ended all activities in Africa, the US began its
bid to force
French proxies out of North Africa.
contra Germany:
during
the 1990s, Germany and the US used multiple proxies to fight
over
control of the Balkans, with its precious “Corridor 8,”
thereby ruining the
entire region.
contra China: from Cold
War crimes to New World
Order harassment, the US has used many
proxies against the Chinese:
Thai, Tibetan, Burmese, Japanese,
Korean,
Vietnamese, Cambodian, Islamic, Taiwanese.
Foreign policy doctrines
more or less practiced by the United States.
Monroe
Doctrine – western hemisphere = US property; non-whites =
untermenschen
McKinley Doctrine – Open Door Policy i.e.,
China, Pacific = potentially, possibly, most likely US property;
non-whites = untermenschen
Roosevelt Corollary – western
hemisphere = US property, and we mean it this time! non-whites =
untermenschen
Taft Doctrine – Dollar Diplomacy i.e.,
western hemisphere = US property, and we mean economically,
politically, and all other ways; the Middle East = potentially,
possibly, most likely, US property
Wilson Doctrine – 14
Points internationalism (i.e., great powers should respect each
other; to hell with the rest); western hemisphere = US property, and
we really mean it this time! non-whites = untermenschen
Roosevelt
Doctrine – “Good Neighbor Policy!” i.e., western
hemisphere = US property, and we really really really fucking mean
it.
Truman Doctrine – aid to fascists in Greece, Turkey,
the Philippines, Korea, Vietnam, western Europe, Eastern Europe,
North Africa, etc. i.e., what Kennan called
“Containment.”
Eisenhower Doctrine – the
Middle East = US property; non-whites = untermenschen; massive
retaliation
Nixon Doctrine – enter neocolonialism:
overthrowing governments, installing clients, using local elites to
manage foreign populations for US advantage i.e., Asia, Africa,
western hemisphere = US property, but we’re gonna try to be
sneaky about it. Overall, see above.
Carter Doctrine –
the Middle East = US property, and we aren’t kidding;
trilateralism
Reagan Doctrine – “Rollback”;
mutually assured destruction; low intensity warfare; support for
rightwing Islamist groups, narcotics smuggling, etc.
Bush I
Doctrine – New World Order; “What we say, goes.”
Clinton
Doctrine – New World Order; “multilaterally if we can,
unilaterally when we must.”
Bush II Doctrine – New
World Order; “unilaterally when we can, multilaterally if we
must.”
Noteworthy propaganda campaigns, hoaxes, and other lies qua casus belli utilized by the United States:
It is well known that German Fascists transformed their
buffoonish leader, Hitler, from a national joke into der Fuhrer die
Reich by means of a) securing moneys from large industrialists and
financiers (they liked his extremely rightwing ideas on race, labor,
religion, nationalism, capitalism, imperialism, etc) and b) by using
multiple propaganda hoaxes in order to sway domestic opinion.
The
Reichstag fire in 1933 allowed for Hitler to be proclaimed leader of
the state as well as for the Night of the Long Knives the following
year (violence against leftists) and all of the anti-jewish bullshit
that came soon after. As we all know, the Reichstag was burned by
fascist thugs and blamed on communists; they even got a disabled
Dutch guy to “admit” to both arson and
communism—smoking gun! woohoo!
In 1938, the Nazis
claimed that they needed to perform a “humanitarian
intervention” in the Sudetenland (in the modern Czech Republic)
in order to stop “ethnic violence.” Of course, it
was Nazi thugs carrying out the “ethnic violence” in the
first place, but never mind that small detail.
In 1939, the
fascists contrived Operation Canned Goods—a faked attack on a
German border patrol, which was allegedly a surprise massacre,
carried out by Polish military personnel. Evil Slavic Untermenschen
Evildoer Terrorists!
Too bad, however, that we now know those
corpses in German uniform shown on Nazi TV to be dead Poles,
kidnapped and murdered; the German public, though, went insane with
jingoism, calling for invasions and genocide.
As we shall see,
this is a technique learned by the Nazis from the masters of such
things in the US (Hitler credited the development of the “Final
Solution” to his study of US treatment of Native Americans),
and something that was then perfected by the US after it recovered
and reconciled with its mad dog Nazi assets during the Cold War.
The overall pattern is using irrelevant, misinterpreted, or
completely fabricated events in order to convince all of the
clarences (who had nothing to gain from militarism, but who were
susceptible to jingoism, racism, ethnocentrism) that…war is a
great fucking idea!
NB that many of these propaganda hoaxes
seem to be more effective now than they were when first
produced.
Also NB, these are the times that the state was
forced, for whatever reasons, to consult with the public—either
Congress or the people. Most US crimes are committed without recourse
to either, or with only a general, vague acknowledgement: “Oh,
that CIA is just protecting Freedom from Evil! We can’t tell
you what they’re doing specifically, because that would
compromise them to the Forces of Darkness!”
1775 –
Britain: so it begins, and the story runs that Evildoer British
imperialists took away Our Liberty, &c.; produced Evil Boston
Massacres, Stamp Acts, Massachusetts Uprisings; and tried to import
tea. While the British were certainly imperialistic, and tea is the
mark of the ruling class in colonial times, we should take heed that
the first offensive of the American War for Independence was a
colonial invasion of Quebec.
Huh?
You mean, before they
even signed the Declaration, the proto-United States was invading
other countries?
You bet.
What’s at stake here is
the Proclamation Line and the Quebec Act, both of which prevented the
fledgling colonies from expanding. And be sure to recall that during
the next US war, a conquest of Canada would again be
attempted.
1812 – Britain: ah…tales
of “naval impressments.”
Too bad that this
narrative, of war caused by US sailors being conscripted, like
slaves, into the British privateering fleet, is a lie; too bad that
the landowners all across the infant US wanted the British, French,
Spanish, and natives off the continent so they could expand their
holdings, import more slaves, and thereby make more money; too bad
that plans for such expansion existed way before the declaration of
hostilities. The keys here are Florida, the Caribbean, and the
western frontier.
1846 – Mexico: the US is forced
to retaliate against the Mexicans, since Mexican troops ruthlessly
attacked US regiments, who just happened to be occupying slave-owning
Texas.
Why would the Evildoers in Mexico do that?
Not,
I hope, because Texas was part of Mexico?
Not, I fear, because
Mexicans were anti-slavery (abolished since 1829)?
Not, I
believe, because the US had aggressively assaulted Mexico multiple
times already, including the original secessionist agitation in
Texas?
No, none of that matters; they’re just
Evil.
1898 – Spain: the “Remember the
Maine!” incident as well as Hearst newspapers proclaiming that
Cuba needed a “humanitarian intervention”—both
obvious lies—help sway people in the US to genocidal furor.
Enter Empire, the subjugation of the people of Guam, Puerto Rico, and
Cuba, and the Philippine genocide.
1917 – Central
Powers: the Lusitania incident and the Zimmerman Telegram fire up
US war fervor; too bad the Wilson administration provoked the Germans
by aiding the British under a flag of “neutrality,”
generated tons of anti-German racialist BS, and managed to invade
every country in the Caribbean, including Mexico several
times.
Also, we needn’t forget that the Wilsonian
declaration of War was timed perfectly with Lenin’s “April
Theses.” All in the name of “protecting democracy,”
from Evildoers, no doubt!
An honest student of history will
note that it’s more like “protecting certain segments of
Kapital from others, whilst destroying genuine democratic
resistance.”
1918 – USSR: “Communists
eat babies!” “Bolsheviks seek to conquer world!’
“International Jewry grabs power in Russia!” “Reds
to start war in India next!” “Socialism and incest:
partners in Sin!”
So ran the newspapers, every day, in
every city, after Czarist absolutism was broken by popular
resistance, no thanks to the US.
Wilson’s administration
used such imbecilic pretenses in a failed attempt to “strangle
bolshevism in its cradle,” as one imperialist from a different
genocidal nation put it. Of course, the real motives behind
western intervention weren’t mentioned: Capital Capital Capital
Capital.
1941 – Axis Powers: the Pearl Harbor
attack was known in advance, no matter how “sudden” or
how much “infamy” Roosevelt would later claim for it. NB
FDR’s well-planned provocation strategy to ensure that Japan
would attack the US, thus allowing the US to dictate terms to the
rest of the world, which would be destroyed by war’s end.
NB
that the overrated Operation Overlord was delayed just long enough
for the Soviet Union to be shattered by Kapital’s mad dog
Hitler, but just timely enough to prevent the Soviets from taking out
all of the fascists in Europe, from the Volga to Gibraltar.
1945
– Japan: event—nukes; propaganda lie—“saving
Japanese and American lives”; bitter truth—self-serving
genocide and terrorism to intimidate Stalin. Only assholes can
believe the US story here.
1950 – DPRK: despite
claims that “the Totalitarian North ruthlessly invaded the Free
South,” it looks as though a communist North reacted to a long
series of provocations carried out by a fascistic South, which
included border skirmishes, coordinated raids, and artillery battery.
But who cares? America to the rescue! Of fascism.
1952 –
East Germany: despite Soviet attempts to get out of Berlin,
requiring only assurances from the US that Germany would be a)
democratic, b) demilitarized, c) united, and d) neutral, the US
insisted on the precarious, ignorant status quo, obviously preferring
it to the just Soviet proposal. Up, then, went the Berlin Wall in
1961, which was called an act of tyranny by moronic US commentators,
but was intended by the Soviet Union to keep fascists, CIA
operatives, saboteurs, assassins, and other agents of Kapital away.
This event is largely responsible for much escalation of the Cold War
during 50s, which would predictably and wrongly be blamed on the
USSR.
1953 – Iran: Commies are gonna get us! Or
so it was said by flag-waving retards.
The unfortunate truth: a
democratic regime thought it was allowed to use its own resources for
its own benefit.
The US disagreed with Mossadegh.
1954
– Guatemala: Commies are gonna get us! Or so it was said by
flag-waving retards.
The unfortunate truth: a democratic regime
thought it was allowed to use its own resources for its own benefit.
The US disagreed with Arbenz.
1964 – Vietnam:
the USS Maddox got hit by some lightning, but LBJ thought it’d
be a good idea to bow before the banking cartels, the Seven Sisters,
the Pentagon, and crusty McCarthyoids, thereby inventing the notion
that the (repeat the old script) Red North ruthlessly invaded the
Free South—or, at least they ruthlessly attacked an innocent US
naval vessel in international waters.
Turns out that there
was no attack, that the ship was in Hanoi’s waters, and was
not-at-all-innocently deploying special forces and other
anti-communist swine into the North for the normal roster of
Kapitalist Karnage.
1973 – Chile: Commies are
gonna get us! Or so it was said by flag-waving retards.
The
unfortunate truth: a democratic regime thought it was allowed to use
its own resources for its own benefit.
The US disagreed with
Allende.
1981 – Nicaragua: Commies are gonna get
us! Or so it was said by flag-waving retards.
The unfortunate
truth: a democratic regime thought it was allowed to use its own
resources for its own benefit.
The US disagreed with
Ortega.
1983 – Grenada: Commies are gonna get us!
Or so it was said by flag-waving retards.
The unfortunate truth:
a democratic regime thought it was allowed to use its own resources
for its own benefit.
The US disagreed with Bishop.
1986
– Libya: Evil Terrorist Nation! Quit doing Terrorist
things! We will bomb you!
Turns out that the Libyans weren’t
responsible, after all, for the acts of “terror” of which
they’d been accused.
Hmm…a high publicity bombing
mission right in the middle of the Iran-Contra Affair?
What a
coincidence!
And at a time when Gorbachev was making peaceful
overtures and the US was in danger of having no enemies?
Amazingly
coincidental!
1989 – Panama: They said that
Noriega was an Evildoer Drugdealer! You must go Evil Doper! USA All
The Way! Humanitarian Intervention!
We should mention that Noriega
was attempting to institute some democratic reforms and social
services, had been a CIA asset, and largely oversaw US drug
smuggling—and could document his and US involvement in the
Iran-Contra Affair.
But why trouble anyone with the facts?
Especially the fact that the true meaning of the words
“Operation Just Cause” is that US Delta Force teams
secretly attacked US Army units so that the US could claim
“Panamanian terrorists are shooting us!”
1991 –
Kuwait: the famous “dead babies” hoax, which was
revealed to be a lie.
Other tidbits: Kuwait had provoked Iraq in
numerous ways; Iraq got approval from its imperial master, the US,
before invading; Bush had personal investments in the region; and US
strategy had long called for a way to control the Gulf States
directly.
With the USSR gone and the Kuwait-Iraq border
dispute, the US now had both pretext and opportunity.
1992
– Bosnia: never mind all of the dead Serbs. Instead, check
out this photo!
The Evil Serb Evildoers have Evilly put some guy
in a concentration camp at Trnopolje!
Look at the barbed
wire!
Look at how starved he is!
Oh…wait a
minute…looks like that the barbed wire is around someone’s
shed, that the photographer is in the shed, that the starving guy is
a refugee on the outside of the barbed fence, that the headline
“Belsen 92” is a lie, that there were no concentration
camps, and that the entire series of US operations in the early 1990s
were resurrected Nazi policies on Yugoslavia, which still maintained
some socialistic economic policies.
Well, I’ll be
damned: another “humanitarian intervention” for
Kapitalism.
1993 – Somalia: Yet another
“Humanitarian intervention!”
Thing is, the famine was
nearly over, the US wasn’t anywhere near where it had been, the
Somalis already hated the US for thrusting Barre on them, and the US
was only there now for 1) oil prospecting, 2) uranium mining, 3)
military basing, 4) public relations, and 5) a “paid
advertisement” for the Pentagon, in Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs Colin Powell’s cynical phrase..
1998 –
Sudan: Evil terrorists are making VX nerve gas in that big
factory! Tomahawk it!
Turns out, though, that the plant
manufactured antibiotics for half the country. Given that the Sudan
was in the midst of a disease crisis, the destruction of their
medical infrastructure only served to exacerbate the problem.
How
many died as a result?
Who knows—the US, as is typical,
doesn’t care to investigate, apologize, or acknowledge.
1999
– Kosovo: “Humanitarian intervention!”
Now for something completely different.
Racak,
Srebrenica, Izbica, Trepca—all more complicated than they seem,
as according to numerous international organizations, the FBI, and so
on. Ethnic cleansing? Only if we are talking about the
cleansing of Serbs by NATO. And the banner hoax here: the “Serbian
MIG,” allegedly attacking civilians, is revealed as a fraud in
state-press photos, which obviously display English writing on the
alleged fuselage.
2001 – Afghanistan: Evil
Terrorists got us! We will get them back!
Of course, the true
story is much more complicated, involving US complicity, deception,
and strategic planning at all levels, as noted in the recent
historical record (cf. “the complete 9/11 timeline”).
2002 – ? Iraq: Evil! Smite Evil! Get oil!
Did
I say oil?
I meant that Evildoer tried to kill my daddy! One
excellent hoax, besides the manufactured general “threat”
rhetoric, is the alleged 15 kg of “weapons-grade uranium”
recovered in Turkey in mid 2002, allegedly bound for Iraq from
“Eastern Europe.” Too bad that this “weapons-grade
uranium” has “Made in West Germany” written on
it—in English.
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Useful Periodicals
Covert Action
Quarterly
Dissent
Extra!
Guardian
Independent
International
Socialist Review
Monthly Review
The Nation
New
Left Review
New Politics
Observer
Race
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Socialist Review
Z
Relevant Hyperlinks:
US interventions, geostrategy, and other
crimes:
http://64.177.75.218/completetimeline/index.htm
http://americanstateterrorism.com/AmericanStateTerrorism.html
http://mediafilter.org/caq/
http://members.aol.com/bblum6/American_holocaust.htm#beginning
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/freeearth/war/chronology_meOCT01.html
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45/046.html
http://www.historyguy.com/War_list.html
http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm
http://www.cdi.org/
http://www.korpios.org/resurgent/L-thinktank.htm
http://stratfor.com/
http://www.bessereweltlinks.de/english/book73e.htm
http://www.opensecrets.org/
http://www.stoessel.ch/hei/hpi/usa_1895_2000_summary.pdf
http://www2.minorisa.es/inshuti/madsen2.htm
http://globalism-news.com/conspiracy.html
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/28/039.html
http://tfclub.tripod.com/list.html
http://www.alternativeinsight.com/Foreign_Policy_Failures.html
http://www.krysstal.com/democracy_whyusa.html
http://pw1.netcom.com/~ncoic/cia_info.htm
http://www.cia-on-campus.org/
http://www.rose-hulman.edu/~delacova/us-latin-america.htm
global
finance:
http://www.developmentgap.org/
http://www.whirledbank.org/index.html
http://www.federalreserve.gov/
http://www.bilderberg.org/
http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
http://www.worldbank.org/
http://www.wto.org/
http://www.inequality.org/index.html
http://www.marshallfoundation.org/about_gcm/marshall_plan.htm
http://www.foreignpolicy
infocus.org/briefs/vol3/v3n3sap.html
http://www.oneworld.net/guides/sap/front.shtml
http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/imf/index.htm
http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/index.html
general
history and current global
affairs:
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/coldwar.htm
http://www.rrojasdatabank.org/country1.htm
http://www.krysstal.com/democracy.html\
http://www.travel.dk.com/wdr/
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/
http://www.worldhistory.com/
http://www.world-gazetteer.com/home.htm
http://www.debka.com/pop_up.htm
http://www.countryreports.org/history/
http://www.nysol.se/index3.html
http://history.hyperjeff.net/conflicts/MiddleEast/Timeline2.html
http://www.onwar.com/
http://www.nanana.com/worldhistory.html
http://www.amnesty.org/
http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/curricul.htm#6
http://www.tibet.ca/wtnarchive/1999/4/17-2_3.html
http://www.angelfire.com/id/multicultural/featureafrica.html
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/index.html
http://members.tripod.com/Brian_Blodgett/Conflicts.htm
http://www.clamormagazine.org/
http://www.boydgraves.com/timeline/
http://sites.uol.com.br/chpennaforte/generalindex.htm
http://www.iacenter.org/
http://www.citizens4change.org/home.htm
http://www.anti-imperialist.org/
http://www.dictatorwatch.org/
http://www.africa2000.com/directory.html
http://www.worldhistorycompass.com/index.htm
alternative
media:
http://www.indymedia.org/
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/index.html
http://wsws.org/
http://www.labourstart.org/
http://www.copvcia.com/
http://www.greenleft.org.au/
http://www.endgame.org/
http://pilger.carlton.com/print/67484
http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/
http://www.humorisdead.com/index.html
http://www.globalexchange.org/
http://www.zmag.org/weluser.htm
http://protest.net/qatar.html
http://www.davesweb.cnchost.com/
http://www.nomorefakenews.com/
http://www.workingforchange.com/index.cfm
http://www.informationwar.org/
http://www.yellowtimes.org/
http://www.propagandamatrix.com/thepropagandamatrix
http://www.everythingblows.com/index.cfm
http://www.americanpolitics.com/index.html
http://www.almartinraw.com/index.html
http://www.mediawhoresonline.com/
http://www.gregpalast.com/
http://www.prwatch.org/improp/research_faq.html
http://www.bushnews.com/
http://www.alternet.org/
http://www.worldwar3report.com/
http://www.newleftreview.net/NLR15.shtml
http://www.monthlyreview.org/
#33#
Sunday, April 7, 2019
"Fascists do not deserve civility..."
"Fascists do not deserve civility. You would have us compliment the shine of their boots as they bear down on our necks. Fuck you." ~@dadamstowel @twitter
Photo Credit: Stephen Shames - Up Against The Wall - San Francisco, 1970
Shames was enamoured with the Black Panther Party. His photographic collection related to them is the world’s largest.
Sunday, March 17, 2019
Feel-Good photo of the day: Gilet Jaunes ActeXVIII - Yellow Vests Burn a Posh Politico-Hipster Restaurant
Dialog h/t Pepe Escobar (link, facebook), who refers to this Yellow Vest action as "Paris Spring". ("King Sarko"=Nicolas Sarkozy, president of France until 2012)
Friday, February 8, 2019
American Psychosis: Flag Worship
"haha north koreans are so crazy oh hold on a second i gotta sing the america song and salute my television"
Wednesday, February 6, 2019
(Almost) Everything You Should Know About Karl Marx... and Capitalism
(Click the images for the articles mentioned)
Ps.
Tags:
Capitalism,
Economics,
Economics 101,
Karl Marx,
Marxism,
Socialism,
Teen Vogue
Tuesday, February 5, 2019
Monday, February 4, 2019
One ticked off Newsletter staffer @RollCall calls Trump Lawless
Look at the email title! There's NO CONTENT like that in the newsletter or it's links!
It's just a REALLY ticked off newsletter staffer🤣
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